BUENOS AIRES, Argentina (AP) 鈥 Julieta Gonz谩lez stepped inside the blocky white building where the Argentine military dictatorship held her for a month, and the flashbacks began.
Blood stains on the mattresses. Hearing screaming as she was inside her cell. Being forced to wash blood out of cars. The endless sexual abuse.
Transgender women like Gonz谩lez often pretended to be asleep when a guard appeared in the middle of the night, she remembered.
鈥淚 was always the one who bore the brunt," Gonz谩lez, 65, told AP journalists during a visit to the cell where she was held. "I was younger.鈥
Gonz谩lez and four other transgender women testified at the trial of former security officers in April on charges of crimes against humanity, part of what human-rights lawyers and activists call Argentina's long-overdue effort to recognize the suffering of the trans community under military rule from 1976 to 1983. Members of the community took part in a demonstration last month in support of a bill under discussion in a congressional committee that would provide a lifetime pension for trans people over 40.
Patricia Alexandra Rivas, 56, said at the demonstration that she was raped and tortured while illegally detained for five days in 1981, when she was 14.
The people who did the dictatorship's dirty work were particularly brutal to members of the trans community, which continued to suffer after the return of democracy in 1983. But things have been changing in Argentina: More than a decade ago, the country approved a landmark gender-identity law that allowed people to change their gender on documents without permission. More recently, Congress passed a law that reserves 1% of public sector jobs for trans individuals.
鈥淭hey were brought to this place, tortured, raped, subjected to slave labor, deprived of their freedom and then released,鈥 assistant prosecutor Ana Oberlin said while standing outside a set of cells at the Banfield Pit, a suburban former police station that was one of hundreds of illegal detention and torture centers in the capital.
Military rule engulfed much of Latin America in the 1970s and 鈥80s and human rights organizations say some 30,000 people were illegally detained and disappeared without a trace in Argentina. Until recently, little was said about how the trans community suffered under the military rulers.
Part of the reason why the recognition has taken so long is because violence against members of the trans community, 鈥渋s completely normalized,鈥 said Marlene Wayar, 53, a transgender activist and author who gave expert testimony at the trial.
This dynamic largely played out in the 296 trials relating to dictatorship-era crimes against humanity that have taken place since 2006, after amnesty laws were struck down, in which 1115 people have been convicted, according to the Public Prosecutor鈥檚 Office.
It's only recently that Argentina has begun discussing gender roles and sexual mores under the dictatorship, Oberlin said, including a 鈥渕odel of family that laid out the role that men and women must play.鈥
Oberlin played a key role in including the testimony of the five transgender women who were held in the Banfield Pit as part of a trial that started in 2020, in which 12 officers are facing crimes against humanity charges for actions that took place in three clandestine detention centers involving some 700 victims.
Violence at the hands of security forces was something that Gonz谩lez was used to when she and other trans women were detained by police in 1977 or 1978 鈥 she doesn鈥檛 remember the exact date 鈥 while working as prostitutes. They ended up in the Banfield Pit.
鈥淭hey pick us up, and I didn鈥檛 want to get in the truck, so he hit me on the back with a rifle like this, grabbed me by the hair, 鈥極f course you鈥檙e going inside,鈥欌 Gonz谩lez recalled.
Gonz谩lez and her friends were locked up in a cell where they often heard people they didn鈥檛 see cry out in pain.
One night they heard a girl yell out several times and then a baby could be heard crying, Gonz谩lez said.
鈥淚 spent my whole life wondering鈥 about that baby, she said.
Security officers often stole babies that were born from pregnant detainees, who were then disappeared.
Gonz谩lez and her cellmates were forced to do various types of work, including cooking and cleaning cars, 鈥渕any of which had blood inside,鈥 Gonz谩lez testified in April.
鈥淭hey also abused us sexually,鈥 Gonz谩lez testified at the trial, frequently describing instances in which she was raped.
鈥淐ould you refuse?鈥 Oberlin asked Gonz谩lez.
鈥淣o, no,鈥 Gonz谩lez answered with a shrug. 鈥淚t was, I don鈥檛 know, at the time it was normal.鈥
One time, she was picked up and gang-raped by a group of soldiers.
鈥淲hen those things happen, you know, I think about other things,鈥 she said in her old cell.
Although trans women, who largely had to resort to prostitution to make a living, were used to abuse from security forces, things worsened for them during the dictatorship that pushed a traditional conception of the family.
鈥淚n addition to rape and torture, they were subjected to extreme brutality precisely because of their gender identities,鈥 Oberlin said.
The sentences in the case, which are expected by the end of the year 鈥渨ill be very important,鈥 notes Oberlin, because trans women were taken to illegal detention centers 鈥渁cross the country鈥 and it could open the door for others to testify.
For her part, Gonz谩lez said she 鈥渘ever鈥 thought that she was going to be testifying at a trial. For a long time, she thought that what she had experienced at the Banfield Pit 鈥渨as not important.鈥
But now she knows 鈥渋t is important,鈥 Gonz谩lez said.
鈥淣ow that we can talk 鈥 be listened to when we were always so quiet,鈥 she said.
鈥斺赌斺赌斺赌斺赌
Associated Press journalist Victor R. Caivano contributed to this report.
